“IMRaD”的广泛应用
 

“IMRaD”不仅是组织生物医学科学研究论文的灵便方法，也可以说是一种好的方 法，有时甚至是最好的方法（“IMRaD”： A handy way to organize reports on scientific re-search)。它不仅适用于自然科学，如物理学、化学、生物学、医药学等各个领域，而且也 适用于社会科学（social sciences)的各种论文中（如 mass commimications，business admin-15加6〇11，80土〖\¥〇土，6<111€^0!1，卩37(：1101087等）。在美国各类大学或学院里，大都设有网 上写作中心（online writing center)或网上写作实验室（online writing laboratories)，他们 在网上提供用“IMRaD”格式撰写论文的各种信息和资料，职称论文发表为大学生或研究生提供训练 习作的园地。如果你有兴趣，可到美国各大学的网址上去查寻，只要输人关键词“Writing Center” 或 “ W riting Laboratories” 即可。当然，根据不同的使用 对象，其内容有简有 繁，有难有易。但笔者深信，如果你进去“逛一逛”，认真地看一看，相信你一定不会后 悔的。美国威斯康星大学 Madison 分校（The University of Wisconsin at Madison)为 “IMRaD”设立的网上写作实验室（online writing laboratories，简称OWL)让学生们可以 随时随地地上网练习写作，为学生们运用“IMRaD”撰写科技论文提供了极为方便的条 件。这里，笔者把他们的有关网站摘录于下，供初学者上网时使用参考。

(1) An overview of the^TMRaD format^in a handout from the Writing Center of the University of Wisconsin at Madison at http：//www-math. science, unitn. it/LRM3D2/ report, html. There are links to more detailed explanations of each of the headings ? too.

(2) The Writing Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute has a very good introduction to writing lab reports by Jennie Skert at http：//www, rpL edu/web. writing-center/labs. html

(3) Also on RPPs website there is an introduction to the format for electrical computer and systems engineering (ECSE) students at http：//www. rpi. edu/web. writing-center/ecse report, html

⑷ “Writing Lab Reports in Psychology”by Greg Pierce of Hamilton College at ht-tp；//www. hamiltoru edu/acadermc/Resource/WC/WrittingPsychPapers. html

(5) The Biology Department at George Mason University has a good overview of writing scientific papers, with links to separate pages on the introduction»methods9 results and discussion sections. The overview and links are at http；//classweb, gmu, edu/ biologyresources/writingguide/ScientificPaper. html

 

 “IMRaD”的主要内涵

瑞典皇家技术学院J〇hanSS〇n(2003)列出了‘‘IMRalT’的主要内容,颇具参考价值，现 原文摘录如下。如果你还不完全明白其内含的实质性内容，请不必着急，这里现只给你一 个整体的概念，其详细内容会在以下各章中介绍。

The Introduction normally contains：

(1) Nature and scope of the problem： What is the problem and why is it important to study?

(2) Literature review； What has already been done? Review of the pertinent literature.

(3) Methods：what methods have been used and why?

(4) Results：State the principal results.

(5) Conclusions： State the principal conclusions.

The Methods section should give full details of data collection,experimental design, sampling techniques, and so on. In a case study it is important to elaborate on the rationale for selection of the case to study. In the natural sciences this is often called Material and Methods. In the social sciences it is common to introduce a section called Theory and Methods^ sometimes divided in two sectionst Theoretical Framework and Methods.

In the Results section the reader is told what your findings were. It is not enough to present your findings in a table or a graph, you need to interpret them for your reader. Figures and tables must be numbered and labeled and referred to in the text.

The Discussion/Conclusion section should discuss the results：not recapitulate them* But there is normally a short summary of the main results. Discuss principles, relationships, and generalizations shown by the results.

The main body of the section is normally organized according to some kind of logical system： for instance ?past-t〇-present» general-t〇-specific» theoretical-to-practical. The discussion might be written in a more personal manner than the rest of the report* It could contain reflections on the learning process and shortcomings of the inquiry. It is also a good idea to mention possible future work.